Share-Based Compensation
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2021
Text block [abstract]  
Share-Based Compensation
Note 25: Share-Based Compensation
The Company operates equity-settled compensation plans under which it receives services from employees as consideration for equity instruments of the Company. Each plan is described below:
Stock Incentive Plan
Under its stock incentive plan, the Company may grant stock options, TRSUs, performance restricted share units (“PRSUs”) and other awards to certain employees for a maximum of up to 69,150,969 common shares. As of December 31
, 2021
, there were 10,027,352 awards available for grant (2020
11,106,551). The following table summarizes the methods used to measure fair value for each type of award and the related vesting period over which compensation expense is recognized:
 
              
Equity-settled
       
  Type of award
  
Vesting period
  
Fair Value Measure
  
  Compensation expense based on:
Stock options
  
Up to four years
  
Black-Scholes
option pricing model
  
Fair value on business day prior to grant date
TRSUs
  
Up to five years
  
Closing common
share price
  
Fair value on business day prior to grant date
PRSUs
  
Three-year
performance period
  
Closing common
share price
  
Fair value on business day prior to grant date
 
 
Additional information on each type of award is as follows:
Stock Options
The maximum term of an option is 10 years from the grant date. Under the plan, options may be granted by reference to the Company’s common share price on the NYSE or TSX.
The weighted-average fair value of options granted for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 and principal assumptions used in applying the Black-Scholes option pricing model were as follows:
 
     
2021
    
2020
 
Weighted-average fair value ($)
  
 
11.34
 
  
 
6.73
 
Weighted-average of key assumptions:
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
Share price ($)
  
 
88.78
 
  
 
75.96
 
Exercise price ($)
  
 
88.78
 
  
 
75.96
 
Risk-free interest rate
  
 
0.8%
 
  
 
0.9%
 
Dividend yield
  
 
2.8%
 
  
 
3.1%
 
Volatility factor
  
 
21%
 
  
 
16%
 
Expected life (in years)
  
 
5
 
  
 
5
 
The Black-Scholes model was developed for use in estimating the fair value of traded options that have no vesting restrictions. The model requires the use of subjective assumptions, including expected stock-price volatility. Historical data has been considered in setting the assumptions.
Time-Based Restricted Share Units (TRSUs)
TRSUs give the holder the right to receive one common share for each unit that vests on the vesting date. The holders of TRSUs have no voting rights and accumulate additional units based on notional dividends paid by the Company on its common shares on each dividend payment date, which are reinvested as additional TRSUs. The weighted-average fair value of TRSUs granted was $96.62 and $75.68 for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Performance Restricted Share Units (PRSUs)
PRSUs give the holder the right to receive one common share for each unit that vests on the vesting date. The holders of PRSUs have no voting rights and accumulate additional units based on notional dividends paid by the Company on its common shares on each dividend payment date, which are reinvested as additional PRSUs. The percentage of PRSUs initially granted that vests depends upon the Company’s performance, typically over a three-year period, against
pre-established
performance goals. Between 0% and 200% of the initial amounts may vest for grants made from 2019 through 2021. The weighted-average fair value of PRSUs granted was $89.16 and $75.95 for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP)
The Company maintains an ESPP whereby eligible employees can purchase common shares at a 15% discount to the closing share price on the NYSE on the last business day of each quarter. Each quarter, employees may elect to authorize payroll deductions from their eligible compensation, up to a maximum of $21,250 per year (or a comparable amount in foreign currency for the global ESPP). The discount is expensed as incurred. A maximum of 20,388,909 common shares can be purchased through the ESPP.
 
The movement in the number of awards outstanding and their related weighted-average exercise prices are as follows:
 
     
Stock   
Options   
 
    
TRSUs  
 
    
PRSUs   
 
    
Total       
 
    
 
Weighted- 
Average 
Exercise 
Price($)
(1)
 
 
 
Awards outstanding (in thousands):
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
Outstanding at December 31,
2019
  
 
5,074
 
  
 
2,495
 
  
 
881
 
  
 
8,450
 
  
 
42.36
 
Granted
  
 
1,113
 
  
 
573
 
  
 
398
 
  
 
2,084
 
  
 
75.96
 
Exercised
  
 
(2,575)
 
  
 
(660)
 
  
 
(463)
 
  
 
(3,698)
 
  
 
40.05
 
Forfeited
  
 
(151)
 
  
 
(283)
 
  
 
(71)
 
  
 
(505)
 
  
 
-
 
Outstanding at December 31, 2020
  
 
3,461
 
  
 
2,125
 
  
 
745
 
  
 
6,331
 
  
 
54.06
 
Exercisable at December 31, 2020
  
 
577
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
577
 
  
 
44.35
 
Granted
  
 
513
 
  
 
580
 
  
 
286
 
  
 
1,379
 
  
 
88.78
 
Exercised
  
 
(1,311)
 
  
 
(940)
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
(2,251)
 
  
 
44.60
 
Forfeited
  
 
(65)
 
  
 
(151)
 
  
 
(82)
 
  
 
(298)
 
  
 
-
 
Outstanding at December 31, 2021
  
 
2,598
 
  
 
1,614
 
  
 
949
 
  
 
5,161
 
  
 
65.11
 
Exercisable at December 31, 2021
  
 
593
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
593
 
  
 
56.46
 
(1) Represents the weighted-average exercise price for stock options. TRSUs and PRSUs are excluded as they entitle holders to receive common shares upon vesting without an associated exercise price.
In 2021, the weighted-average share price at the time of exercise for the awards described above was $95.33 per share (2020 - $69.98).
Share-based compensation expense for years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 was as follows:
 
     
Stock Options
  
TRSUs
  
PRSUs
  
ESPP
  
Total
December 31, 2021
  
6
  
39
  
26
  
5
  
76
December 31, 2020
  
7
  
40
  
13
  
4
  
64
Relative to the share-based awards outstanding at December 31, 2021, the Company expects to pay approximately $163 million at December 31, 2021 (
2020
- $115 million) to tax authorities for employee withholding tax liabilities when these awards are exercised in the future.
The following table summarizes additional information relating to stock options outstanding at December 31, 2021:
 
   Range of exercise prices
(1)
 
  
Number  
Outstanding  
(in thousands)
 
  
 
Weighted-Average

Remaining
Contractual Life
(years)
 
  
 
Weighted-Average

Exercise Price for
Awards
Outstanding
 
  
Number Exercisable
(in thousands)
 
  
 
Weighted-Average

Exercise Price for
Awards
Exercisable
 
   35.01 - 40.00
  
623
  
6
  
$39.49
  
216
  
$39.49
   40.01 - 45.00
  
50
  
5
  
$42.30
  
50
  
$42.30
   50.01 - 55.00
  
457
  
7
  
$54.36
  
89
  
$54.36
   60.01 - 65.00
  
12
  
7
  
$63.26
  
6
  
$63.26
   75.01 - 80.00
  
974
  
8
  
$75.96
  
232
  
$75.96
   85.01 - 90.00
  
482
  
9
  
$88.87
  
-
  
-
   Total
  
2,598
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
593
  
 
 
(1) TRSUs and PRSUs are excluded as they entitle holders to receive common shares upon vesting without an associated exercise price.