Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Basis of Presentation
Basis of Presentation
The consolidated financial statements include the assets, liabilities and results of operations of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All material intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with the United States generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in these consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results can differ from those estimates.
Segments
Segments
Reporting segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker, or decision-making group, relating to resource allocation and performance assessments. All of the Company’s operations are organized around the single business of providing end-to-end management services of revenue cycle operations for U.S-based hospitals and other medical providers. The Company views its operations and manages its business as one operating and reporting segment.
Revenue Recognition
Net service fees, as reported in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss), consist of: (a) RCM service fees and (b) professional service fees earned on a fixed fee, transactional fee or time and materials basis. The Company’s primary source of revenue is RCM service fees. RCM service fees are primarily contingent, but along with fixed fees are generally viewed as one deliverable. To the extent that certain RCM service fees are fixed and not subject to refund, adjustment or concession, such fees are recognized as revenue on a straight-line basis over the term of the contract.
On a limited basis, the Company enters into contracts with multiple accounting elements which may include a combination of fixed fee or transactional fee elements. The selling price of each element is determined by using management's best estimate of selling price. Revenues are recognized in accordance with the accounting policies for the separate elements.
RCM service fees that are contingent in nature are recognized as revenue once all the criteria for revenue recognition are met, which is generally at the end of a contract or other contractual agreement event. Revenue is recognized for RCM service fees upon the contract reaching the end of its stated term (such that the contractual relationship will not continue in its current form) to the extent that: (i) cash has been received for invoiced fees and (ii) there are no disputes at the conclusion of the term of the contract.
If fees or services are disputed by a customer at the end of a contract, a settlement agreement entered into with the customer triggers revenue recognition. An "other contractual agreement event" occurs when a renewal or amendment to an existing contract is executed in which the parties reach agreement on prior fees. Revenue is recognized up to the amount covered by such agreements.
RCM service fees consist of the following contingent fees: (i) Net Operating Fees and (ii) Incentive Fees.
Net Operating Fees
The Company generates net operating fees to the extent the Company is able to assist customers in reducing the cost of their revenue cycle operations. The Company's delivery model leverages the customers' RCM personnel. The Company’s net operating fees consist of:
i) gross base fees invoiced to customers; less
ii) corresponding costs of customers’ revenue cycle operations which the Company pays pursuant to its RCM agreements, including salaries and benefits for the customers' RCM personnel, and related third-party vendor costs; less
iii) any cost savings the Company shares with customers.
Net operating fees are recorded as deferred customer billings until the Company recognizes revenue for a customer contract at the end of a contract or reaches an "other contractual agreement event". The amount of unpaid costs of customers’ revenue cycle operations and shared cost savings are reported as accrued service costs within customer liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.
Incentive Fees
The Company generates revenue in the form of performance-based fees when the Company improves the customers’ revenue yield. These performance metrics vary by customer contract. However, certain contracts contain a contract-to-date performance metric that is not resolved until the end of the term of the contract. Incentive fees are reported as deferred customer billings only upon cash receipt and until the Company recognizes revenue for a customer at the end of a contract or other contractual agreement event. In some cases, when a customer agreement is extended under an evergreen provision or other amendment, fees may not be considered finalized until the end of the
Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
customer relationship. Incentive fees associated with performance metrics which are not resolved until the end of the term of the contract or an "other contractual agreement event" are recorded in deferred customer billings until the Company recognizes revenue. Incentive fees are considered contingent fees.
Revenue Recognition
Revenue is generally recognized when all of the following criteria are met: (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, (ii) services have been rendered, (iii) the fee is fixed or determinable and (iv) collectability is reasonably assured.
Customer Liabilities
Customer Liabilities
Base fees and fixed fees are billed on a monthly or quarterly basis and incentive fees are billed to customers on a quarterly basis. Generally, base fees are billed in advance of each service period. Customer liabilities include (i) accrued service costs (amounts due and accrued for cost reimbursements net of amounts receivable for base fees from the corresponding customer), (ii) deferred customer billings (net operating fees invoiced or accrued and incentive fees collected that have not met all revenue recognition criteria), (iii) customer deposits (consisting primarily of net operating fees under the Company’s RCM contracts that are paid prior to the service period and amounts due as a refund to our customers on incentive fees) and (iv) deferred revenue (fixed fees amortized to revenue over the service period or fixed or determinable fees that have not met all other revenue recognition criteria). Deferred customer billings are classified as current based on the customer contract end dates or other termination events that fall within twelve months of the balance sheet dates. Accrued service cost, customer deposits and deferred revenue are classified as current or non-current based on the anticipated period in which the liabilities are expected to be settled or the revenue is expected to be recognized.
Consulting Fees, Transaction Fees and Contingent Service Fees
Consulting Fees, Transaction Fees and Contingent Service Fees
The Company also generates revenue from fixed-fee arrangements, transactional service contracts and contingent-fee service contracts. Provided all other criteria of revenue recognition are met under Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 605, Revenue Recognition, revenue under these arrangements is recognized as services are performed, deliverables are provided and related contingencies are removed. All related direct costs are recorded as period costs when incurred. Such consulting fees, transactional fees and contingent service fees are generated from services such as physician advisory services, population health solutions and other related consulting services.
Cost of Services
allocation of the costs associated with maintaining, improving and deploying our integrated proprietary technology suite. Shared services costs relate to the Company’s shared services centers in the U.S. and India that perform patient scheduling and pre-registration, medical transcription, cash posting, reconciliation of payments to billing records, patient follow-up and Medicaid eligibility determination for our customers. The Company incurs expenses related to salaries and benefits for employees in its shared services centers and non-payroll costs associated with operating its shared services centers. Other expenses consist of costs related to managing physician advisory services, population health solutions and other services. These expenses consist primarily of wages, bonuses, benefits, share-based compensation and facilities costs.
Cost of Services
Costs associated with generating the Company’s net services revenue, including the cost of operating its shared services centers, are expensed as incurred. Cost of services consist of (i) infused management and technology costs, (ii) shared services costs and (iii) other costs to perform physician advisory services and population health solutions. Infused management and technology costs consist primarily of wages, bonuses, benefits, share-based
Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
compensation, travel and other costs associated with deploying the Company’s employees at customer sites to help manage the Company’s customers’ revenue cycle operations. The other significant portion of such expenses is an
Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Comprehensive income (loss) is the net income (loss) of the Company combined with other changes in stockholders’ equity (deficit) not involving ownership interest changes. For the Company, such changes are foreign currency translation adjustments.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.
Short-Term Investments
Short-term Investments
At December 31, 2015, the Company's Indian subsidiaries had invested in $1.0 million of time deposits with an original maturity greater than three months. Our time deposits are classified as "held-to-maturity" as the Company has both the intent and ability to hold to maturity. The current value is not materially different than the fair value.
Restricted Cash Equivalents
Restricted Cash Equivalents
In 2015, restricted cash equivalents represent the amount of certificate of deposits ("CDs"), with a maturity of three months or less, that the Company is unable to access for operational purposes as the CDs collateralize the Company's corporate travel program.
Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
Accounts receivable is comprised of unpaid balances pertaining to non-RCM service fees and net receivable balances for RCM customers after considering cost reimbursements owed to such customers, including related accrued balances.
The Company maintains an estimated allowance for doubtful accounts to reduce its accounts receivable to the amount that it believes will be collected. This allowance is based on the Company’s historical experience, its assessment of each customer’s ability to pay, the length of time a balance has been outstanding, input from key customer resources assigned to each customer and the status of any ongoing operations with each applicable customer.
Property, Equipment and Software
Property, Equipment and Software
Property and equipment are stated at cost, and related depreciation and amortization are calculated on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets.
For many internally developed software projects, the Company adheres to a development methodology where the process moves quickly between planning, design, development and testing, and then moves back to planning before the testing is complete. Consequently, there are short development cycles and rapid production changes for such software projects. As a result, the qualifying activities to capitalize development costs have a short timeframe and therefore, the Company expenses its internal development labor costs as incurred for such projects. For projects that do not meet the criteria described above, the Company capitalizes qualifying internal costs in accordance with GAAP. The Company capitalizes qualifying third-party costs and hardware and software costs related to the Company’s software development activities in accordance with GAAP. The Company amortizes the capitalized software development costs over their estimated life on a straight-line basis.
The major classifications of property, equipment and software and their expected useful lives are as follows: 
Computers and other equipment
  
3 years
Leasehold improvements
  
Shorter of 10 years or lease term
Office furniture
  
5 years
Software
  
3 to 5 years
Goodwill
Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess purchase price over the net assets of a business the Company acquired in May 2006. Goodwill is not subject to amortization but is subject to impairment testing at least annually.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
Property, equipment, software and other acquired intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. If circumstances require a long-lived asset or asset group be reviewed for possible impairment, the Company first compares undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by each asset or asset group to its carrying value. If the carrying value of the long-lived asset or asset group is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment charge is recognized to the extent that the carrying value exceeds the fair value.
Income Taxes
Income Taxes
Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis and operating loss and tax credit carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using current tax laws and enacted tax rates in effect for the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company records a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets if, based upon the weight of all available evidence, both positive and negative, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
The Company recognizes the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained upon examination by the tax authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the consolidated financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest amount of benefit that has a greater than 50% percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Interest and penalties relating to income taxes are recognized in our income tax provision in the statements of consolidated operations.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The Company records its financial assets and liabilities at fair value. The accounting standard for fair value (i) defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, (ii) establishes a framework for measuring fair value, (iii) establishes a hierarchy of fair value measurements based upon the ability to observe inputs used to value assets and liabilities, (iv) requires consideration of nonperformance risk and (v) expands disclosures about the methods used to measure fair value. The accounting standard establishes a three-level hierarchy of measurements based upon the reliability of observable and unobservable inputs used to arrive at fair value. Observable inputs are independent market data, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s assumptions about valuation. The three levels of the hierarchy are defined as follows:
•
Level 1: Observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities;
•
Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets and quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets; and
•
Level 3: Valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable.
The carrying amounts of the Company’s financial instruments, which include financial assets such as cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, restricted cash equivalents, accounts receivable, amounts due from related party, short-term investments and certain other current assets, as well as financial liabilities such as accounts payable, accrued service costs, accrued compensation and benefits and certain other accrued expenses, approximate their fair values, due to the short-term nature of these instruments. The Company’s financial assets which are required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis consist of cash equivalents, which are highly liquid money market funds and accordingly are classified as Level 1 assets in the fair value hierarchy. The Company’s CDs are valued at face value, plus accrued interest, which approximates fair value, and are reported as Level 2 assets in the fair value hierarchy. The Company does not have any financial liabilities that are required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis.
Legal and Other Contingencies
Legal and Other Contingencies
In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to regulatory investigations or legal proceedings, as well as demands, claims and threatened litigation. The Company records an estimated loss for any claim, lawsuit, investigation or proceeding when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Significant judgment is required in both the determination of the probability and whether the loss can be reasonably estimated. Actual expenses could differ from such estimates.
Foreign Currency Translation and Transaction Gains (Losses)
Foreign Currency Translation and Transaction Gains (Losses)
Assets and liabilities of non-U.S. subsidiaries that operate in a local currency environment, where such local currency is the functional currency, are translated to U.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. Income and expense accounts are translated at average exchange rates during the year which approximates the rates in effect at the transaction dates. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).
The Company’s foreign currency transaction gains and losses are included in selling, general and administrative in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
Share-Based Compensation Expense
The Company recognizes compensation expense, net of forfeitures, using a straight-line method over the applicable service or performance period. During each quarter, the share-based compensation expense is adjusted to reflect all expense for options that vested during the period; however, compensation expense already recognized is not adjusted if market conditions are not met.
The Company accounts for stock options issued to non-employees based on their estimated fair value determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The stock options issued to non-employees vest over the arrangement period. The fair value of the equity awards granted to non-employees is remeasured on each balance sheet date until the awards vest, and the related expense is adjusted based on the resulting changes in fair value, if any. The non-employee share-based compensation expense is recognized over the performance period, which is the vesting period. Upon vesting, the performance of the non-employee is deemed complete and the vested awards are not subsequently remeasured.
The fair value of modifications to share-based awards is generally estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. If a share-based compensation award is modified after the grant date, incremental compensation expense is recognized in an amount equal to the excess of the fair value of the modified award over the fair value of the original award immediately before the modification. Incremental compensation expense for vested awards is recognized immediately. For unvested awards, the sum of the incremental compensation expense and the remaining unrecognized compensation expense for the original award on the modification date is recognized over the modified service period.
Share-Based Compensation Expense
The Company determines the expense for all employee share-based compensation awards by estimating their fair value and recognizing such value as an expense, on a ratable basis, in the consolidated financial statements over the requisite service period in which the employees earn the awards. The fair value of performance and service condition stock options is calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and, for market condition stock options, the fair value is estimated using Monte Carlo simulations.
To determine the fair value of a share-based award using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, the Company makes assumptions regarding the risk-free interest rate, expected future volatility, expected life of the award and expected forfeitures of the awards. These inputs are subjective and generally require significant analysis and judgment to develop. The Company aggregates all employees into one pool based on the grant date for valuation purposes. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. The Company estimates the expected volatility of the share price by reviewing the historical volatility levels of its common stock in conjunction with that of public companies that operate in similar industries or are similar in terms of stage of development or size and then projecting this information toward its future expected volatility. The Company exercises judgment in selecting these companies, as well as in evaluating the available historical and implied volatility for these companies. The Company calculates the expected term in years for each stock option using a simplified method based on the average of each option’s vesting term and original contractual term. The Company applies an estimated forfeiture rate derived from its historical data and estimates of the likely future actions of option holders when recognizing the share-based compensation expense of the options.
To determine the fair value of a share-based award using Monte Carlo simulations, the Company makes assumptions regarding the risk-free interest rate, expected future volatility, expected dividend yield and performance period. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. The Company estimates the expected volatility of the share price by reviewing the historical volatility levels of its common stock in conjunction with that of public companies that operate in similar industries or are similar in terms of stage of development or size and then projecting this information toward its future expected volatility. Dividend yield is determined based on the Company’s future plans to pay dividends. The Company had no plans to do so at December 31, 2015. The Company calculates the performance period based on the specific market condition to be achieved and derived from historical data and estimates of future performance.
Treasury Stock
Treasury Stock
The Company records treasury stock at the cost to acquire such shares and includes treasury stock as a component of stockholders’ equity (deficit).
Earnings (Loss) Per Share
Earnings (Loss) Per Share
Basic net income (loss) per common share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. The diluted net income (loss) per common share computation includes the effect, if any, of common shares that would be issuable upon the exercise of outstanding stock options, unvested restricted stock, reduced by the number of common shares which are assumed to be purchased by the Company with the resulting proceeds from the exercise of stock options, at the average market price during the year, when such amounts are dilutive to the net income (loss) per share calculation.
Recently Adopted and Newly Issued Accounting Standards and Disclosures
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards and Disclosures

From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") or other standard setting bodies. Unless otherwise discussed, the Company’s management believes that the impact of recently issued accounting pronouncements that are not yet effective will not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations upon adoption.

In November 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2015-17, Income Taxes: Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes (Topic 740) ("ASU 2015-17"). Previously under GAAP, an entity was required to separate deferred income tax liabilities and assets into current and noncurrent amounts in a classified statement of financial position. ASU 2015-17 simplifies the presentation of deferred income taxes and requires that deferred tax liabilities and assets be classified as noncurrent in a classified statement of financial position. The amendments in this update apply to all entities that present a classified statement of financial position. ASU 2015-17 is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within such years, beginning on or after December 15, 2016. The FASB  permits early adoption by all entities as of the beginning of any interim or annual reporting period. As permitted by ASU 2015-17, the Company adopted the provisions on a prospective basis for the reporting period ended December 31,

Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
2015.  The deferred tax assets and liabilities from prior periods ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 were not retroactively adjusted.
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards and Disclosures

From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") or other standard setting bodies. Unless otherwise discussed, the Company’s management believes that the impact of recently issued accounting pronouncements that are not yet effective will not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations upon adoption.
Newly Issued Accounting Standards and Disclosures
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) ("ASU 2014-09"), which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in ASC 605, Revenue Recognition. ASU 2014-09 is based on the principle that revenue is recognized to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. ASU 2014-09 also requires additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in judgments. The pronouncement is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within such reporting period and is to be applied using one of two retrospective application methods, with early application permitted. The Company has not yet determined the potential effects of the new standard on its consolidated financial statements, if any.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) ("ASU 2016-02"), which supersedes existing guidance on accounting for leases in Topic 840, Leases. ASU 2016-02 generally requires all leases to be recognized in the statement of financial position. The provisions of ASU 2016-02 are effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018; early adoption is permitted. The provisions of ASU 2016-02 are to be applied using a modified retrospective approach. The Company has not yet determined the potential effects of the new standard on the consolidated financial statements, if any.