hanges to shareholders’ equity for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 were as follows: | | | | | | | | | | | | | ($ in millions) | Total PPG Shareholders’ Equity | | Non- controlling Interests | | Total | Balance, January 1, 2016 | $ | 4,983 |
| | $ | 86 |
| | $ | 5,069 |
| Net income | 533 |
| | 18 |
| | 551 |
| Other comprehensive income, net of tax | 161 |
| | (1 | ) | | 160 |
| Cash dividends | (309 | ) | | — |
| | (309 | ) | Issuance of treasury stock | 51 |
| | — |
| | 51 |
| Stock repurchase program | (400 | ) | | — |
| | (400 | ) | Stock-based compensation activity | 12 |
| | — |
| | 12 |
| Dividends paid on subsidiary common stock to noncontrolling interests | — |
| | (4 | ) | | (4 | ) | Other | — |
| | (9 | ) | | (9 | ) | Balance, September 30, 2016 | $ | 5,031 |
| | $ | 90 |
| | $ | 5,121 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | ($ in millions) | Total PPG Shareholders’ Equity | | Non- controlling Interests | | Total | Balance, January 1, 2015 | $ | 5,180 |
| | $ | 85 |
| | $ | 5,265 |
| Net income | 1,092 |
| | 17 |
| | 1,109 |
| Other comprehensive income, net of tax | (476 | ) | | (8 | ) | | (484 | ) | Cash dividends | (287 | ) | | — |
| | (287 | ) | Issuance of treasury stock | 69 |
| | — |
| | 69 |
| Stock repurchase program | (501 | ) | | — |
| | (501 | ) | Stock-based compensation activity | 34 |
| | — |
| | 34 |
| Dividends paid on subsidiary common stock to noncontrolling interests | — |
| | (3 | ) | | (3 | ) | Other | — |
| | (6 | ) | | (6 | ) | Balance, September 30, 2015 | $ | 5,111 |
| | $ | 85 |
| | $ | 5,196 |
|
|