INCOME TAXES
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2015
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
INCOME TAXES
INCOME TAXES

The following table provides the Income tax expense and effective tax rate for the periods indicated:
  
Three Months Ended 
September 30,
Nine Months Ended 
September 30,
  
2015
2014
2015
2014
Income tax expense
$
55

$
27

$
112

$
9

Effective tax rate
33
%
34
%
33
%
4
%



The difference between the effective tax rate and the U.S. federal statutory tax rate of 35% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 is primarily attributable to the tax accounting treatment of various locations which are currently in a loss position, reversal of valuation allowances, the benefit of lower foreign tax rates, and other discrete tax adjustments.
Realization of deferred tax assets depends on achieving a certain minimum level of future taxable income. Management currently believes that it is at least reasonably possible that the minimum level of taxable income will be met within the next 12 months to reduce the valuation allowance of certain foreign jurisdictions by a range of $0 million to $50 million.
For the third quarter of 2014, the difference between the effective tax rate and the statutory rate of 35% is primarily attributable to the tax accounting treatment related to various locations which are currently in a loss position. For the year-to-date 2014 period, the difference between the effective tax rate and the statutory rate of 35% is primarily attributable to the resolution of an uncertain tax position upon receiving final notification from the IRS that it had completed its audit examination for the taxable years 2008 through 2010 and the reversal of a valuation allowance recorded in prior years against certain European net deferred tax assets which cumulatively totaled $78 million. The remaining differences relate to other discrete adjustments and the accounting treatment of various locations which are currently in a loss position.