Note 4. Loans and Allowance

Major categories of loans are as follows:

The Bank has an automotive indirect lending program where vehicle collateralized loans made by dealers to consumers are acquired by the Bank. The Bank’s installment loan portfolio included approximately $60,607,000, $67,551,000, and $55,400,000 of such loans at December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively.

The Bank makes loans to customers located primarily in Anne Arundel County and surrounding areas of Central Maryland. Although the loan portfolio is diversified, its performance will be influenced by the economy of the region.

Executive officers, directors, and their affiliated interests enter into loan transactions with the Bank in the ordinary course of business. These loans are made on the same terms, including interest rates and collateral, as those prevailing at the time for comparable loans with unrelated borrowers. They do not involve more than normal risk of collectibility or present other unfavorable terms. At December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, the amounts of such loans outstanding totaled $787,894, $556,188, and $1,078,577 respectively. During 2015, loan additions and repayments/transfers totaled $569,000 and $337,294, respectively.

Allowance for Loan Losses

Management has an established methodology to determine the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses that assesses the risks and losses inherent in the loan portfolio. For purposes of determining the allowance for loan losses, the Bank has segmented the loan portfolio into the following classifications:

Each of these segments are reviewed and analyzed quarterly using the average historical charge-offs over a current four year period for their respective segments as well as the following qualitative factors:

The above factors result in a FAS 5, as codified in FASB ASC 450-10-20, calculated reserve for environmental factors.

All credit exposures graded above a rating of “4” with outstanding balances (see ratings on page 21) are to be reviewed no less than quarterly for the purpose of determining if a specific allocation is needed for that credit. The determination for a specific reserve is evaluated relative to the general reserve factor for assets of the same type and grade. If a specific reserve is appropriate and exceeds the general reserve factor, a specific reserve is to be established. Otherwise, the asset is included in the portfolio of assets that comprise the base upon which the general reserve is calculated. The establishment of a specific reserve does not necessarily mean that the credit with the specific reserve will definitely incur loss at the reserve level. It is only an estimation of potential loss based upon anticipated events. A specific reserve will not be established unless loss elements can be determined and quantified based on known facts. The total allowance reflects management’s estimate of loan losses inherent in the loan portfolio as of December 31, 2015.

The following table presents the total allowance by loan segment:

As of December 31, 2015, the allowance for loan losses included an overage of $148,465. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, the allowance for loan losses included an unallocated shortfall of $53,619 and $120,319, respectively. The 2014 and 2013 shortfall is well within the internal Bank policy of 5% tolerance for actual to required reserves. Management is comfortable with the 2015 overage as they feel the amount is adequate to absorb inherent potential losses in the loan portfolio.

Credit Quality Information

The Bank’s internal risk ratings are as follows:

Loans rated 1-4 are considered “Pass” for purposes of the risk rating chart below.

The Bank contracts with an independent 3^rd party loan review firm that reviews and validates the internal credit risk program on a quarterly basis. Results of these reviews are presented to the Audit Committee for approval and then to management for implementation. The loan review process compliments and reinforces the risk identification and assessment decisions made by the lenders and credit personnel as well as the Bank’s policies and procedures.

Risk ratings of loans by categories of loans are as follows:

At December 31, 2015, the recorded investment in TDR’s reflected one loan in the amount of $240,500 which is performing under the terms of the modified agreement and one loan in the amount of $49,868 which is on nonaccrual. At December 31, 2014, the recorded investment in TDR’s reflected one loan in the amount of $252,500 which is performing under the terms of the modified agreement. The TDR from 2012 that had a balance of $832,500 was brought into OREO in 2013 and later sold in 2014. The remaining TDR from 2012 in the amount of $1,369,768 was paid off in 2013.

The Bank has no commitments to loan additional funds to the borrowers of restructured, impaired, or non-accrual loans.

Current, past due, and nonaccrual loans by categories of loans are as follows:

Loans on which the accrual of interest has been discontinued totaled $3,779,749, $2,777,904, and $2,713,393 at December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. Interest that would have been accrued under the terms of these loans totaled $239,038, $255,682, and $180,770 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. Loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest totaled $54,762, $196,772, and $1,607,743 at December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. Management believes these particular loans are well secured and in the process of full collection of all amounts owed.

Non-accrual loans with specific reserves at December 31, 2015 are comprised of:

Commercial Real Estate – One loan to one borrower in the amount of $300,112 secured by commercial and/or residential properties with specific reserves of $100,745 established for the loans.

Residential Real Estate – Eleven loans to five borrowers in the amount of $1,714,716 secured by residential properties with specific reserves of $668,721 established for the loans. Four of the five borrowers, consisting of ten loans, have a related interest and are considered to be one entity for loans-to-one borrower purposes. These are investor residential real estate properties with a carrying value of $1,664,848 and specific reserves of $656,947.

Consumer and Indirect Loans – Two loans to two borrowers in the amount of $145,874 with $65,353 of specific reserves established for the loans.

Impaired Loans

When management identifies a loan as impaired, the impairment is measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows, discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, except when the sole (remaining) source of repayment for the loan is the operation or liquidation of the collateral. In these cases management used the current fair value of the collateral, less selling cost when foreclosure is probable, instead of discounted cash flows. If management determines that the value of the impaired loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan (net of previous charge-offs, deferred loan fees or costs and unamortized premium or discount), impairment is recognized through an allowance estimate or a charge-off to the allowance.

When the ultimate collectability of the total principal of an impaired loan is in doubt and the loan is on nonaccrual status, all payments are applied to principal, under the cost recovery method. When the ultimate collectability of the total principal of an impaired loan is not in doubt and the loan is on nonaccrual status, contractual interest is credited to interest income when received, under the cash basis method.

The following table includes the recorded investment and unpaid principal balances for impaired financing receivables with the associated allowance amount, if applicable. Management determined the specific reserve in the allowance based on the present value of expected future cash flows, discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, except when the remaining source of repayment for the loan is the operation or liquidation of the collateral. In those cases, the current fair value of the collateral, less selling costs was used to determine the specific allowance recorded.

Also presented are the average recorded investments in the impaired loans and the related amount of interest recognized during the time within the period that the impaired loans were impaired. When the ultimate collectability of the total principal of an impaired loan is in doubt and the loan is on nonaccrual status, all payments are applied to principal, under the cost recovery method.