Note 5. Credit Quality

The Company uses a risk grading matrix to assign a risk grade to each loan in its portfolio. Loan risk ratings may be upgraded or downgraded to reflect current information identified during the loan review process. The general characteristics of each risk grade are as follows:

 

•

Pass — This grade is assigned to loans with acceptable credit quality and risk. The Company further segments this grade based on borrower characteristics that include capital strength, earnings stability, liquidity, leverage, and industry conditions.

 

•

Special Mention — This grade is assigned to loans that require an above average degree of supervision and attention. These loans have the characteristics of an asset with acceptable credit quality and risk; however, adverse economic or financial conditions exist that create potential weaknesses deserving of management’s close attention. If potential weaknesses are not corrected, the prospect of repayment may worsen.

 

•

Substandard — This grade is assigned to loans that have well defined weaknesses that may make payment default, or principal exposure, possible. These loans will likely be dependent on collateral liquidation, secondary repayment sources, or events outside the normal course of business to meet repayment terms.

 

•

Doubtful — This grade is assigned to loans that have the weaknesses inherent in substandard loans; however, the weaknesses are so severe that collection or liquidation in full is unlikely based on current facts, conditions, and values. Due to certain specific pending factors, the amount of loss cannot yet be determined.

 

•

Loss — This grade is assigned to loans that will be charged off or charged down when payments, including the timing and value of payments, are uncertain. This risk grade does not imply that the asset has no recovery or salvage value, but simply means that it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off, either all or a portion of, the loan balance even though partial recovery may be realized in the future.

The following tables present the recorded investment of the loan portfolio, disaggregated by class and credit quality, as of the dates indicated. Losses on covered loans are generally reimbursable by the FDIC at the applicable loss share percentage, 80%; therefore, covered loans are disclosed separately.

 

		September 30, 2016
						Special
(Amounts in thousands)		Pass				Mention				Substandard				Doubtful				Loss				Total
Non-covered loans
Commercial loans
Construction, development, and other land		$	48,015			$	992			$	792			$	—			$	—			$	49,799
Commercial and industrial			85,440				3,687				1,235				—				—				90,362
Multi-family residential			118,153				8,528				787				—				—				127,468
Single family non-owner occupied			133,550				4,644				5,829				—				—				144,023
Non-farm, non-residential			568,766				16,044				10,495				710				—				596,015
Agricultural			5,711				75				—				—				—				5,786
Farmland			29,653				1,820				501				—				—				31,974
Consumer real estate loans
Home equity lines			106,086				733				1,289				—				—				108,108
Single family owner occupied			471,389				5,725				20,102				479				—				497,695
Owner occupied construction			43,216				—				709				—				—				43,925
Consumer and other loans
Consumer loans			76,086				23				248				—				6				76,363
Other			3,029				—				—				—				—				3,029
Total non-covered loans			1,689,094				42,271				41,987				1,189				6				1,774,547
Covered loans
Commercial loans
Construction, development, and other land			2,830				872				997				—				—				4,699
Commercial and industrial			926				—				15				—				—				941
Multi-family residential			—				—				43				—				—				43
Single family non-owner occupied			1,056				65				207				—				—				1,328
Non-farm, non-residential			7,038				616				658				—				—				8,312
Agricultural			26				—				—				—				—				26
Farmland			143				—				269				—				—				412
Consumer real estate loans
Home equity lines			15,092				22,867				778				—				—				38,737
Single family owner occupied			4,810				945				1,303				—				—				7,058
Owner occupied construction			105				—				96				—				—				201
Consumer and other loans
Consumer loans			80				—				—				—				—				80
Total covered loans			32,106				25,365				4,366				—				—				61,837
Total loans		$	1,721,200			$	67,636			$	46,353			$	1,189			$	6			$	1,836,384

 

		December 31, 2015
						Special
(Amounts in thousands)		Pass				Mention				Substandard				Doubtful				Loss				Total
Non-covered loans
Commercial loans
Construction, development, and other land		$	46,816			$	974			$	1,106			$	—			$	—			$	48,896
Commercial and industrial			87,223				663				1,017				—				—				88,903
Multi-family residential			81,168				12,969				889				—				—				95,026
Single family non-owner occupied			139,680				3,976				5,695				—				—				149,351
Non-farm, non-residential			454,906				15,170				15,384				—				—				485,460
Agricultural			2,886				25				—				—				—				2,911
Farmland			25,855				1,427				258				—				—				27,540
Consumer real estate loans
Home equity lines			104,897				1,083				1,387				—				—				107,367
Single family owner occupied			468,155				6,686				20,368				—				—				495,209
Owner occupied construction			42,783				—				722				—				—				43,505
Consumer and other loans
Consumer loans			71,685				61				254				—				—				72,000
Other			7,338				—				—				—				—				7,338
Total non-covered loans			1,533,392				43,034				47,080				—				—				1,623,506
Covered loans
Commercial loans
Construction, development, and other land			3,908				1,261				1,134				—				—				6,303
Commercial and industrial			1,144				4				22				—				—				1,170
Multi-family residential			460				—				180				—				—				640
Single family non-owner occupied			1,808				457				409				—				—				2,674
Non-farm, non-residential			9,192				2,044				2,829				—				—				14,065
Agricultural			34				—				—				—				—				34
Farmland			364				—				279				—				—				643
Consumer real estate loans
Home equity lines			17,893				29,823				849				—				—				48,565
Single family owner occupied			5,102				1,963				1,530				—				—				8,595
Owner occupied construction			112				51				99				—				—				262
Consumer and other loans
Consumer loans			84				—				—				—				—				84
Total covered loans			40,101				35,603				7,331				—				—				83,035
Total loans		$	1,573,493			$	78,637			$	54,411			$	—			$	—			$	1,706,541

The Company identifies loans for potential impairment through a variety of means, including, but not limited to, ongoing loan review, renewal processes, delinquency data, market communications, and public information. If the Company determines that it is probable all principal and interest amounts contractually due will not be collected, the loan is generally deemed impaired.

 

The following table presents the recorded investment, unpaid principal balance, and related allowance for loan losses for impaired loans, excluding PCI loans, as of the periods indicated:

 

		September 30, 2016												December 31, 2015
						Unpaid												Unpaid
		Recorded				Principal				Related				Recorded				Principal				Related
(Amounts in thousands)		Investment				Balance				Allowance				Investment				Balance				Allowance
Impaired loans with no related allowance
Commercial loans
Multi-family residential		$	292			$	297			$	—			$	—			$	—			$	—
Single family non-owner occupied			455				455				—				782				783				—
Non-farm, non-residential			5,210				5,352				—				8,427				8,427				—
Consumer real estate loans
Single family owner occupied			1,137				1,195				—				1,975				2,067				—
Owner occupied construction			342				353				—				—				—				—
Total impaired loans with no allowance			7,436				7,652				—				11,184				11,277				—
Impaired loans with a related allowance
Commercial loans
Single family non-owner occupied			676				677				107				619				623				124
Non-farm, non-residential			4,599				4,636				1,843				5,667				5,673				1,568
Consumer real estate loans
Single family owner occupied			4,083				4,129				853				4,899				4,907				672
Owner occupied construction			—				—				—				349				355				7
Total impaired loans with an allowance			9,358				9,442				2,803				11,534				11,558				2,371
Total impaired loans		$	16,794			$	17,094			$	2,803			$	22,718			$	22,835			$	2,371

The following table presents the average recorded investment and interest income recognized on impaired loans, excluding PCI loans, for the periods indicated:

 

		Three Months Ended September 30,																Nine Months Ended September 30,
		2016								2015								2016								2015
		Average				Interest				Average				Interest				Average				Interest				Average				Interest
		Recorded				Income				Recorded				Income				Recorded				Income				Recorded				Income
(Amounts in thousands)		Investment				Recognized				Investment				Recognized				Investment				Recognized				Investment				Recognized
Impaired loans with no related allowance
Commercial loans
Multi-family residential		$	298			$	15			$	—			$	—			$	99			$	15			$	—			$	—
Single family non-owner occupied			460				7				792				27				565				22				571				28
Non-farm, non-residential			5,404				60				8,878				72				6,051				181				8,834				295
Consumer real estate loans
Single family owner occupied			1,159				13				1,353				—				829				13				2,578				100
Owner occupied construction			344				—				—				—				229				—				117				—
Total impaired loans with no allowance			7,665				95				11,023				99				7,773				231				12,100				423
Impaired loans with a related allowance
Commercial loans
Single family non-owner occupied			682				5				629				—				572				18				558				22
Non-farm, non-residential			4,658				45				5,417				15				5,108				215				4,740				51
Consumer real estate loans
Single family owner occupied			4,130				24				4,847				13				4,547				91				3,325				26
Owner occupied construction			—				—				357				1				115				—				119				1
Total impaired loans with an allowance			9,470				74				11,250				29				10,342				324				8,742				100
Total impaired loans		$	17,135			$	169			$	22,273			$	128			$	18,115			$	555			$	20,842			$	523

 

The following tables present information on impaired PCI loan pools as of the dates, and for the periods, indicated:

 

(Amounts in thousands, except impaired pools)		September 30, 2016				December 31, 2015
Unpaid principal balance		$	1,104			$	3,759
Recorded investment			1,104				2,834
Allowance for loan losses related to PCI loan pools			12				54
Impaired PCI loan pools			1				2

 

		Three Months Ended September 30,								Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Amounts in thousands)		2016				2015				2016				2015
Interest income recognized		$	12			$	96			$	130			$	273
Average recorded investment			1,139				3,045				2,195				3,464

The Company generally places a loan on nonaccrual status when it is 90 days or more past due. PCI loans are generally not classified as nonaccrual due to the accrual of interest income under the accretion method of accounting. The following table presents nonaccrual loans, by loan class, as of the dates indicated:

 

		September 30, 2016												December 31, 2015
(Amounts in thousands)		Non-covered				Covered				Total				Non-covered				Covered				Total
Commercial loans
Construction, development, and other land		$	70			$	39			$	109			$	39			$	54			$	93
Commercial and industrial			405				14				419				—				16				16
Multi-family residential			306				—				306				84				—				84
Single family non-owner occupied			1,158				25				1,183				1,850				29				1,879
Non-farm, non-residential			7,075				34				7,109				7,150				39				7,189
Farmland			135				—				135				234				—				234
Consumer real estate loans
Home equity lines			527				440				967				825				413				1,238
Single family owner occupied			7,403				136				7,539				7,245				96				7,341
Owner occupied construction			342				—				342				349				—				349
Consumer and other loans
Consumer loans			66				—				66				71				—				71
Total nonaccrual loans		$	17,487			$	688			$	18,175			$	17,847			$	647			$	18,494

 

The following tables present the aging of past due loans, by loan class, as of the dates indicated. Nonaccrual loans 30 days or more past due are included in the applicable delinquency category. Loans acquired with credit deterioration, with a discount, continue to accrue interest based on expected cash flows; therefore, PCI loans are not generally considered nonaccrual. Non-covered accruing loans contractually past due 90 days or more totaled $62 thousand as of September 30, 2016. No non-covered accruing loans were contractually past due 90 days or more as of December 31, 2015.

 

		September 30, 2016
		30 - 59 Days				60 - 89 Days				90+ Days				Total				Current				Total
(Amounts in thousands)		Past Due				Past Due				Past Due				Past Due				Loans				Loans
Non-covered loans
Commercial loans
Construction, development, and other land		$	5			$	64			$	53			$	122			$	49,677			$	49,799
Commercial and industrial			121				31				171				323				90,039				90,362
Multi-family residential			283				71				306				660				126,808				127,468
Single family non-owner occupied			110				305				780				1,195				142,828				144,023
Non-farm, non-residential			4,726				277				2,451				7,454				588,561				596,015
Agricultural			255				—				—				255				5,531				5,786
Farmland			72				576				—				648				31,326				31,974
Consumer real estate loans
Home equity lines			377				169				394				940				107,168				108,108
Single family owner occupied			4,123				1,875				2,950				8,948				488,747				497,695
Owner occupied construction			251				—				342				593				43,332				43,925
Consumer and other loans
Consumer loans			576				114				32				722				75,641				76,363
Other			—				—				—				—				3,029				3,029
Total non-covered loans			10,899				3,482				7,479				21,860				1,752,687				1,774,547
Covered loans
Commercial loans
Construction, development, and other land			105				—				39				144				4,555				4,699
Commercial and industrial			—				—				—				—				941				941
Multi-family residential			—				—				—				—				43				43
Single family non-owner occupied			25				—				—				25				1,303				1,328
Non-farm, non-residential			—				—				—				—				8,312				8,312
Agricultural			—				—				—				—				26				26
Farmland			—				—				—				—				412				412
Consumer real estate loans
Home equity lines			333				43				24				400				38,337				38,737
Single family owner occupied			232				26				92				350				6,708				7,058
Owner occupied construction			—				—				—				—				201				201
Consumer and other loans
Consumer loans			—				—				—				—				80				80
Total covered loans			695				69				155				919				60,918				61,837
Total loans		$	11,594			$	3,551			$	7,634			$	22,779			$	1,813,605			$	1,836,384

 

		December 31, 2015
		30 - 59 Days				60 - 89 Days				90+ Days				Total				Current				Total
(Amounts in thousands)		Past Due				Past Due				Past Due				Past Due				Loans				Loans
Non-covered loans
Commercial loans
Construction, development, and other land		$	—			$	—			$	39			$	39			$	48,857			$	48,896
Commercial and industrial			281				66				—				347				88,556				88,903
Multi-family residential			302				76				84				462				94,564				95,026
Single family non-owner occupied			748				120				929				1,797				147,554				149,351
Non-farm, non-residential			347				676				4,940				5,963				479,497				485,460
Agricultural			—				—				—				—				2,911				2,911
Farmland			585				11				234				830				26,710				27,540
Consumer real estate loans
Home equity lines			668				195				468				1,331				106,036				107,367
Single family owner occupied			6,122				1,943				3,191				11,256				483,953				495,209
Owner occupied construction			—				—				—				—				43,505				43,505
Consumer and other loans
Consumer loans			278				71				23				372				71,628				72,000
Other			—				—				—				—				7,338				7,338
Total non-covered loans			9,331				3,158				9,908				22,397				1,601,109				1,623,506
Covered loans
Commercial loans
Construction, development, and other land			96				—				42				138				6,165				6,303
Commercial and industrial			—				—				16				16				1,154				1,170
Multi-family residential			—				—				—				—				640				640
Single family non-owner occupied			1,422				—				—				1,422				1,252				2,674
Non-farm, non-residential			—				—				39				39				14,026				14,065
Agricultural			—				—				—				—				34				34
Farmland			—				—				—				—				643				643
Consumer real estate loans
Home equity lines			489				37				225				751				47,814				48,565
Single family owner occupied			274				—				42				316				8,279				8,595
Owner occupied construction			—				—				—				—				262				262
Consumer and other loans
Consumer loans			—				—				—				—				84				84
Total covered loans			2,281				37				364				2,682				80,353				83,035
Total loans		$	11,612			$	3,195			$	10,272			$	25,079			$	1,681,462			$	1,706,541

The Company may make concessions in interest rates, loan terms and/or amortization terms when restructuring loans for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. Restructured loans in excess of $250 thousand are evaluated for a specific reserve based on either the collateral or net present value method, whichever is most applicable. Restructured loans under $250 thousand are subject to the reserve calculation at the historical loss rate for classified loans. Certain troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) are classified as nonperforming at the time of restructuring and are returned to performing status after six months of satisfactory payment performance; however, these loans remain identified as impaired until full payment or other satisfaction of the obligation occurs. PCI loans are generally not considered TDRs as long as the loans remain in the assigned loan pool. No covered loans were recorded as TDRs as of September 30, 2016, or December 31, 2015.

The following table presents loans modified as TDRs, by loan class, segregated by accrual status, as of the dates indicated:

 

		September 30, 2016												December 31, 2015
(Amounts in thousands)		Nonaccrual(1)				Accrual				Total				Nonaccrual(1)				Accrual				Total
Commercial loans
Single family non-owner occupied		$	39			$	898			$	937			$	130			$	820			$	950
Non-farm, non-residential			—				4,205				4,205				—				4,600				4,600
Consumer real estate loans
Home equity lines			—				162				162				127				43				170
Single family owner occupied			929				7,947				8,876				733				8,256				8,989
Owner occupied construction			343				239				582				349				243				592
Total TDRs		$	1,311			$	13,451			$	14,762			$	1,339			$	13,962			$	15,301
Allowance for loan losses related to TDRs										$	552											$	590

 

(1)	Nonaccrual TDRs are included in total nonaccrual loans disclosed in the nonaccrual table above.

The following table presents interest income recognized on TDRs for the periods indicated:

 

		Three Months Ended September 30,								Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Amounts in thousands)		2016				2015				2016				2015
Interest income recognized		$	143			$	148			$	296			$	456

The following tables present loans modified as TDRs, by type of concession made and loan class, that were restructured during the periods indicated. The post-modification recorded investment represents the loan balance immediately following modification.

 

		Three Months Ended September 30,
		2016												2015
(Amounts in thousands)		Total Contracts				Pre-modification Recorded Investment				Post-modification Recorded Investment				Total Contracts				Pre-modification Recorded Investment				Post-modification Recorded Investment
Below market interest rate and extended payment term Single family owner occupied			—			$	—			$	—				4			$	307			$	307
Total			—			$	—			$	—				4			$	307			$	307
		Nine Months Ended September 30,
		2016												2015
(Amounts in thousands)		Total Contracts				Pre-modification Recorded Investment				Post-modification Recorded Investment				Total Contracts				Pre-modification Recorded Investment				Post-modification Recorded Investment
Below market interest rate and extended payment term Single family owner occupied			1			$	115			$	115				5			$	342			$	342
Total			1			$	115			$	115				5			$	342			$	342

The following table presents loans modified as TDRs, by loan class, that were restructured within the previous 12 months for which there was a payment default during the periods indicated:

 

		Three Months Ended September 30,
		2016								2015
(Amounts in thousands)		Total Contracts				Post-modification Recorded Investment				Total Contracts				Post-modification Recorded Investment
Commercial loans
Single family non-owner occupied			—			$	—				1			$	78
Total			—			$	—				1			$	78

 

		Nine Months Ended September 30,
		2016								2015
(Amounts in thousands)		Total Contracts				Post-modification Recorded Investment				Total Contracts				Post-modification Recorded Investment
Commercial loans
Single family non-owner occupied			—			$	—				1			$	78
Consumer real estate loans
Owner occupied construction			—				—				1				353
Total			—			$	—				2			$	431

The following table presents information for other real estate owned (“OREO”), which consists of properties acquired through foreclosure, as of the dates indicated:

 

(Amounts in thousands)		September 30, 2016				December 31, 2015
Non-covered OREO		$	4,052			$	4,873
Covered OREO			2,437				4,034
Total OREO		$	6,489			$	8,907
Non-covered OREO secured by residential real estate		$	1,688			$	2,677
Residential real estate loans in the foreclosure process(1)			3,639				2,727

 

(1)	The recorded investment in consumer mortgage loans collateralized by residential real estate that are in the process of foreclosure according to local requirements of the applicable jurisdiction