4. Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Available-for-Sale Securities

We consider all highly liquid investments with original maturities at the date of purchase of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents include bank demand deposits and money market funds that invest primarily in certificate of deposits, commercial paper and U.S. government and U.S. government agency obligations.

Marketable securities are considered to be available-for-sale securities and consist of U.S. Treasury securities. Available-for-sale securities are reported at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and unrealized gains and losses are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Realized gains and losses, amortization of premiums and discounts and interest and dividends earned are included in other income (expense) on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The cost of investments for purposes of computing realized and unrealized gains and losses is based on the specific identification method. Investments with maturities beyond one year are classified as short-term based on our intent to fund current operations with these securities or to make them available for current operations.

A decline in the market value of a security below its cost that is deemed to be other than temporary is charged to earnings and results in the establishment of a new cost basis for the security. Factors evaluated to determine if an investment is other-than-temporarily impaired include significant deterioration in earnings performance, credit rating, asset quality or business prospects of the issuer; adverse changes in the general market conditions in which the issuer operates; and our intent and ability to hold the security until an anticipated recovery in value occurs.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (at exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date.

The three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value include:

The following table identifies our assets and liabilities that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands):

 

There were no transfers between the Level 1 and Level 2 categories or into or out of the Level 3 category during the nine months ended September 30, 2016.

 

The following table rolls forward the fair value of Level 3 instruments (significant unobservable inputs) (in thousands):

 

 

 

The change in the fair value of Level 3 instruments is included in change in fair value of contingent purchase consideration and foreign currency gains (losses) for changes in the foreign currency translation rate on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis include our in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) intangible assets, which were recorded as part of the acquisition of EOS (see Note 3 and Note 7). The fair value of the IPR&D intangible assets was established based upon discounted cash flow models using assumptions related to the timing of development, probability of development and regulatory success, sales and commercialization factors and estimated product life. As the valuation is based on significant unobservable inputs, the fair value measurement is classified as Level 3. IPR&D assets are evaluated for impairment at least annually or more frequently if impairment indicators exist.

During the second quarter of 2016, we recorded a $104.5 million impairment charge due to our and our development partner’s decision to discontinue the development of lucitanib for breast cancer. At September 30, 2016, the IPR&D intangible asset recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets was zero.

Financial instruments not recorded at fair value include our convertible senior notes. At September 30, 2016, the carrying amount of the convertible senior notes was $287.5 million, which represents the aggregate principal amount, and the fair value was $273.8 million. The fair value was determined using Level 2 inputs based on the indicative pricing published by certain investment banks or trading levels of the Notes, which are not listed on any securities exchange or quoted on an inter-dealer automated quotation system. See Note 9 for discussion of the convertible senior notes.