Agora, Inc. (the “Company”), an exempted company with limited liability, was incorporated in Cayman Islands on November 29, 2013. The Company, through its consolidated subsidiaries and variable interest entities (“VIEs”) (collectively referred to as the “Group”) engages primarily in providing Real-Time Engagement Platform-as-a-Service (“RTE-PaaS”), which offers developers software tools to embed real-time video, voice and messaging capabilities into their applications without the need to create and maintain the underlying infrastructure themselves. The Group’s real-time engagement products are delivered through its Software-Defined Real-Time Network (“SD-RTN”), which is a virtual network overlay on top of the public internet. The Group’s principal operation and geographic market is in the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”) and the United States.

The Group commenced its operations in 2014 through Agora Lab, Inc. and Shanghai Zhaoyan Network Technology Co., Ltd. (“Zhaoyan”), both of which were established and controlled by Bin (Tony) Zhao (the “Founder”). In December 2014, Agora IO, Inc was formed as part of a reorganization through which the Company, Agora IO, Inc and their respective shareholders entered into a share swap arrangement resulting in the Company along with its subsidiary, Agora Lab, Inc., becoming Agora IO, Inc’s subsidiaries. Further, Agora IO Hongkong Limited and Shanghai Dayin Network Technology Co., Ltd. (“Dayin”) were established. The Group then entered into a series of contractual arrangements among Dayin, Zhaoyan and Zhaoyan’s shareholders in June 2015, and thereafter Zhaoyan became the variable interest entity of the Group (collectively referred to as the “Historical Reorganization”).

In January 2020, the Group underwent another reorganization (the “Corporate Reorganization”) which ultimately resulted in Agora, Inc. becoming the parent company of the Group and the issuer in connection with its planned initial public offering in the United States in the following steps:

First, Agora IO, Inc contributed 100% of the shares of Agora IO Hongkong Limited into Agora, Inc., after which Agora, Inc. held 100% of the equity securities of Agora IO Hongkong, Limited. Second, the Company obtained shares of Agora IO, Inc by having the shareholders swap their current Agora IO, Inc shares for the same number of shares in Agora, Inc., which mirrored the restrictions, rights, preferences and privileges as stipulated in the current shareholder agreements governing Agora IO, Inc. Agora IO, Inc became a wholly owned subsidiary of Agora, Inc., and in return, the shareholders of Agora IO, Inc became shareholders of Agora, Inc. As a result of the Corporate Reorganization, Agora, Inc. became wholly owned by the former shareholders of Agora IO, Inc while Agora IO, Inc became wholly owned by Agora, Inc.

The Corporate Reorganization was completed on January 19, 2020. Through the Historical Reorganization and the Corporate Reorganization, the Group’s business continued to be carried out by Agora Lab, Inc. and Zhaoyan without a change in control. The Historical Reorganization and the Corporate Reorganization were accounted for as transactions under common control and therefore, the carryover basis was used to record assets and liabilities of Agora Lab, Inc. and Zhaoyan using historical costs for all periods presented as if the current corporate structure after the Corporate Reorganization had existed as of the beginning of the earliest period presented in the consolidated financial statements to reflect the final shares issued in the Corporate Reorganization. After the completion of the Corporate Reorganization, the Group’s consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company, its subsidiaries and the consolidated VIE (Zhaoyan).

During 2020, the Company established Shanghai Jiyin Network Technology Co., Ltd. to further develop their business in the PRC.

On November 27, 2020, the Company acquired 100% equity interests of Netless, a real-time interactive whiteboard solution provider, from its shareholders for a cash and share consideration totaling to $4 million (Note 3).

On February 28, 2021, the Company acquired 100% equity interests of Easemob, providing instant messaging APIs and customer engagement cloud services in China, from its shareholders for a cash consideration totaling to $53.4 million (Note 3). There was a consolidated variable interest entity within the Easemob group structure that was acquired as part of the transaction, but the related financial statement balances and business volume are not material. On December 14, 2022, the Group entered into a definitive agreement to sell the customer engagement cloud business of Easemob to a third party, which was subsequently completed on February 1, 2023 (Note 15).

In order to comply with the PRC laws and regulations which prohibit or restrict foreign control of companies involved in the internet sector, the Group operates its businesses in the PRC through its VIEs. The Company obtained a controlling financial interest in the VIEs by entering into a series of contractual arrangements with the VIEs and the legal shareholders who are also referred to as nominee shareholders. These nominee shareholders are the legal owners of the VIEs. However, the rights of those nominee shareholders have been transferred to the Company through a series of contractual arrangements.

The principal terms of the contractual arrangements entered into by and among the Group’s wholly foreign owned enterprises, Dayin, Beijing Easemob, collectively known as “the WFOEs”, the VIEs and the nominee shareholders of VIEs are described below:

Exclusive Technology Consulting and Services Agreement

Under the Exclusive Technology Consulting and Services Agreement between the WFOEs and the VIEs, the WFOEs have the exclusive right to provide the VIEs consulting services related to, among other things, information consulting, assisting in information collection and market research, and providing training to personnel. The WFOEs have the exclusive ownership of intellectual property rights created as a result of the performance of this agreement. Zhaoyan shall pay to Dayin an annual service fee, which may only be adjusted with the approval of Dayin and Shengwang Hongkong Limited and (b) Zhonghuan Chuanyin shall pay Easemob services fees based on the services it provides with the amount determined and requested by Easemob.

Unless otherwise agreed pursuant to the agreement, the agreement will remain effective until the earlier of: (1) the end of a ten-year term, which will automatically extend annually unless Dayin provides 30 days’ prior written notice to Zhaoyan; (2) Dayin terminates the agreement because of Zhaoyan’s breach of the agreement; and (3) termination of the term of operation of Zhaoyan. Unless otherwise agreed pursuant to the agreement, the agreement between Beijing Easemob and Zhonghuan will remain effective until the earlier of (a) notice termination from Beijing Easemob to Zhonghuan and (b) the termination of operation of Zhonghuan.

For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, the service fees charged by the WFOEs to the VIEs pursuant to the above agreements is US$53.8 million, US$12.7 million and US$8.0 million, respectively.

Voting Rights Proxy Agreement and Irrevocable Powers of Attorney

Under the Voting Rights Proxy Agreement, by and among the WFOEs, the VIEs and each of the shareholders of the VIEs, and the related irrevocable powers of attorney executed by the VIESs’ shareholders pursuant to the Voting Rights Proxy Agreement, each of the shareholders of the VIEs irrevocably granted the WFOEs’ designated representative full power of attorney to exercise his or her rights as a shareholder of the VIEs including rights to convene and attend shareholders’ meeting, nominate and elect directors, and appoint and dismiss the senior management of the VIEs.

Unless otherwise agreed pursuant to the Voting Rights Proxy Agreement in respect of Zhaoyan, it will remain effective until the earlier of: (1) the end of a ten-year term, which will automatically extend annually unless Dayin provide 30 days’ prior written notice to Zhaoyan; (2) the termination of the term of operation of Zhaoyan. As agreed by the relevant parties, the Voting Rights Proxy Agreement in respect of Zhonghuan is irrevocable and shall remain effective until the earlier of (a) written agreement among the parties on the termination of the Voting Rights Proxy Agreements; (b) any of its Registered Shareholders transfers all equity interest in Zhonghuan as approved by Beijing Easemob; and (c) the termination of operation of Zhonghuan. The related irrevocable powers of attorney will remain effective until the expiration or early termination of the Voting Rights Proxy Agreement.

Share Pledge Agreement

Pursuant to the Share Pledge Agreement, among the WFOEs, the VIEs and the VIEs’ shareholders, the shareholders of the VIEs pledged all of their equity interests in the VIEs to the WFOEs to guarantee their and the VIEs’ performance of their obligations under the contractual arrangements. In the event of a breach by the VIEs or the VIEs’ shareholders of contractual obligations under these agreements, the WFOEs, as pledgee, will be entitled the right to dispose of the pledged equity interests in the VIEs. The shareholders of the VIEs also undertakes that, during the term of the share pledge agreement, without the prior written consent to the WFOEs, they shall not dispose of the pledged equity interests or create or allow any encumbrance on the pledged equity interests. Zhaoyan’s shareholders shall also not increase the registered capital of Zhaoyan; if there is any increased registered capital pursuant to the terms of this agreement, such increased registered capital would also be deemed as pledged equity interest. Following the terms of the Share Pledge Agreement, the shareholders of Zhaoyan have registered the pledge at the SAMR on July 29, 2015. The pledge will remain binding until Zhaoyan and their shareholders discharge all their obligations under the contractual arrangements and the de-registration at SAMR is completed. The pledge registration for Zhonghuan’s shareholders was completed in March 2022 pursuant to PRC laws and regulations.

Exclusive Option Agreement

Pursuant to the Exclusive Option Agreement, among the WFOEs, the VIEs and the VIEs’ shareholders, each of the shareholders of the VIEs irrevocably granted the WFOEs an exclusive option to purchase, or have its designated person to purchase, at its discretion, to the extent permitted under PRC law, all or part of their equity interests in the VIEs, and the purchase price shall be (a) the registered capital of Zhaoyan pro rata to Zhaoyan’s shareholders’ shareholdings or the lowest price permitted by applicable PRC law in respect of the Exclusive Option Agreement entered into by, among others, Zhaoyan and Dayin and (b) the lowest price as permitted by the applicable PRC laws in respect of the Exclusive Option Agreement entered into by, among others, Zhonghuan and Beijing Easemob. The shareholders of the VIEs undertake that, without the prior written consent of the WFOEs, they shall not, among other things, increase or decrease the registered capital of the VIEs, dispose of its assets, incur any debts or guarantee liabilities, terminate any material agreements or enter into any agreements that are in conflict with any of the existing material agreements, distribute or vote to distribute any profits, interests or dividends, amend its articles of association or provide any loans to third parties.

Unless otherwise agreed pursuant to the agreement, the Exclusive Option Agreement between Dayin and Zhaoyan will remain effective until the earliest of: (1) the end of a ten-year term that is automatically extended annually unless Dayin gives Zhaoyan a termination notice 30 days before the term ends; (2) all equity interests in Zhaoyan held by Zhaoyan’s shareholders are transferred or assigned to Dayin or its designated representatives; and (3) the termination of the term of operation of Zhaoyan. The Exclusive Option Agreements between Beijing Easemob and Zhonghuan will remain effective until the earliest of: (a) all equity interests in Zhonghuan held by its shareholders are transferred or assigned to Beijing Easemob or their designated representatives; and (b) other terms and conditions specified under each Exclusive Option Agreements.

Loan Agreement

As part of the Contractual Arrangements between Beijing Easemob and Zhonghuan, the relevant Registered Shareholders entered into a loan agreement with Beijing Easemob and Zhonghuan, pursuant to which Beijing Easemob agreed to provide loans to the Registered Shareholders of Zhonghuan, to be used exclusively as investment in Zhonghuan. The loans must not be used for any other purposes without Easemob’s prior consent.

Subject to an absolute discretion by Beijing Easemob to accelerate the maturity date, the maturity date of the loan will be the earliest of (a) the end of a ten-year term, (b) the termination of operation of Zhonghuan or Beijing Easemob, or (d) any time determined by Beijing Easemob with a 30 days’ prior written notice in compliance with relevant laws and regulations.

After Beijing Easemob, the lender, exercises its exclusive call option under the Exclusive Option Agreement, each of the two borrowers shall, as permitted under the applicable laws, repay the loan by transferring all of his equity interest in Zhonghuan to Beijing Easemob or representatives designated by Beijing Easemob, and use the proceeds of such transfer as repayment of the loan. Under the circumstances that the proceeds of such transfer is higher than the principal of the loan under the Loan Agreement, any surplus is considered interest for the loan.

The contractual arrangements above cannot be unilaterally terminated. Management concluded that the Company, through the WFOEs and the contractual arrangements, has the power and control to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIEs’ economic performance, bears the risks and enjoys the rewards normally associated with ownership of the VIEs, receive substantially all of the economic benefits and residual returns, and absorb substantially all the risks and expected losses from the VIEs as if it was their sole shareholder and therefore the Company is the ultimate primary beneficiary of the VIEs. As such, the Group consolidates the financial results of the VIEs which are prepared in accordance with the basis of presentation as stated in Note 2 below.

The Company obtained a controlling financial interest in the VIEs by entering into the series of contractual arrangements through the WFOEs As a result of these aforementioned contractual agreements, the Company has the power to direct activities of the VIEs that most significantly affects its economic performance and receives the economic benefits from the VIE that could be significant to them. Accordingly, the WFOEs are entitled to substantially all of the economic benefits from the VIEs and are obligated to absorb all of the VIEs’ expected losses and therefore the Company has determined that it is the primary beneficiary of the VIEs. As a result, the Company has consolidated the VIEs results of operations and assets and liabilities in the Company’s consolidated financial statements in accordance with US GAAP. The Company considers that there is no asset in the VIEs that can be used only to settle obligations of the VIEs, except for registered capital, as of December 31, 2021 and 2022. As the VIEs were formed as a limited liability company under the PRC Company Law, the creditors do not have recourse to the general credit of the Company for all the liabilities of the VIEs.

There is currently no contractual arrangement that would require the Company to provide additional financial support to the VIEs. As the Group is conducting certain businesses in the PRC through the VIEs, the Group may provide additional financial support on a discretionary basis in the future, which could expose the Group to a loss.

There is no variable interest entity where the Company has variable interest but is not the primary beneficiary.

The Chairman and CEO owns the majority of the voting shares of the Company. The Chairman and CEO along with a small number of other employees, together the nominee shareholders, own the majority of the voting shares of the VIEs respectively. The enforceability, and therefore the benefits, of the contractual agreements between the Company and the VIE depend on these individuals enforcing the contracts. There is a risk that the benefits of ownership between the Company and the VIE may not be aligned in the future. Given the significance and importance of the VIEs, there would be a significant negative impact to the Company if these contracts were not enforced.

The Group’s operations depend on the VIEs to honor their contractual agreements with the Group and the Company’s ability to control the VIEs also depends on the authorization by the shareholders of the VIEs to exercise voting rights on all matters requiring shareholder approval in the VIEs. The Company’s PRC legal counsel is of the view that the contractual arrangements among the VIEs’ shareholders, the VIEs and WFOEs are valid, binding and are legally enforceable.

The Company’s ability to control the VIEs also depend on the voting rights proxy and the effect of the share pledge under the Share Pledge Agreements and the WFOEs have to vote on all matters requiring shareholders’ approval in the VIEs. While this voting right proxy is legally enforceable in the view of the Company’s PRC legal counsel, it may not be as effective as direct equity ownership.